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Termites are found on all continents except Antarctica. The diversity of termite species is reduced in North America and Europe (10 species known in Europe and 50 in North America), but is high in South America, where over 400 species have been known.34 Of the 3,000 termite species currently classified, 1,000 are found in Africa, where mounds are really abundant in certain regions.
Due to their soft cuticles, termites do not inhabit cold or cool habitats.36 There are three ecological groups of termites: dampwood, drywood and subterranean. Dampwood termites are found only in coniferous forests, and drywood termites are found in hardwood forests; subterranean termites reside in widely diverse areas.34 One species in the drywood group is that the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), which can be an invasive species in Australia.37.
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Termites are usually small, measuring between 4 to 15 millimetres (0.16 to 0.59Â in) in length.34 The biggest of all extant termites would be the queens of the species Macrotermes bellicosus, measuring around over 10 centimetres (4Â in) in length.38 Another giant termite, the extinct Gyatermes styriensis, flourished in Austria during the Miocene and had a wingspan of 76 millimetres (3.0Â in) and a body length of 25 millimetres (0.98Â in).39note 1.
Most worker and soldier termites are blind as they do not have a set of eyes. However, some species, like Hodotermes mossambicus, have compound eyes that they use for orientation and also to distinguish sunlight from moonlight.40 The alates (winged males and females) have eyes along with lateral ocelli.
Termite antennae have a number of functions like the sensing of taste, touch, odours (including pheromones), heat and vibration. The three primary segments of a termite antenna include a scape, a pedicel (usually shorter than the scape), and the flagellum (all segments beyond the scape and pedicel). The mouth parts contain a maxillae, a labium, and a pair of mandibles.
Consistent with all insects, the anatomy of the termite thorax consists of 3 segments: the prothorax, the mesothorax and the metathorax. Each segment contains a set of legs. On alates, the wings are at the mesothorax and metathorax. Even the mesothorax and metathorax have well-developed exoskeletal plates; the prothorax has smaller plates. .
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Termites have a ten-segmented abdomen with two plates, the tergites and the sternites. The tenth abdominal segment has a pair of short cerci.45 There are ten tergites, of which nine are wide and one is elongated. The reproductive organs are much like people in cockroaches but are somewhat more simplified. By way of instance, the intromittent organ is not present in penile alates, and the semen is immotile or aflagellate.
The non-reproductive castes of termites are wingless and rely solely on their six legs for locomotion. The alates fly only to get a brief amount of time, and therefore that they also rely on their own legs. The appearance of the legs is comparable in each and every caste, but the soldiers have larger and heavier legs.
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The number of tibial spurs on an individual's leg varies. Some species of termite have an arolium, located between the claws, which can be present in species that climb on smooth surfaces but is absent in most termites.49.
Unlike in ants, the hind-wings and fore-wings are of equivalent length.2 the majority of the time, the alates are poor flyers; their technique would be to launch themselves in the air and fly in a random direction. Studies indicate that in comparison to bigger termites, smaller termites cannot fly long distances. When a termite is in flight, its wings remain in a right angle, and when the termite is at rest, its wings remain parallel to the body.51.
Worker termites undertake the most labor within the colony, being responsible for foraging, food storage, and brood and nest maintenance.53 Workers are tasked linked here with the digestion of cellulose in meals and are consequently the most likely caste to be found in infested timber. The procedure for worker termites feeding other nestmates is popularly known as trophallaxis.
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Some termite species do not have a true worker caste, instead relying on nymphs that perform the same work without differentiating as a distinct caste.53.